Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 8

Case Study Examplee teacher admits that Maria at certain times fail to complete her assignments in time, she appears non to take up question or participate in class work irrespective of the topic, however, her results shows that she understands the concepts1.Multi tire systems is an intervention aimed at easeing young children overcome learning difficulties. Each tire is characterized by different intensities of instruction to assistance develop certain skills in the child. Multi-Tier system have different levels of instruction in each tire, they be designed to fit each pupils academician needs1.The first tire involves the application of evidences to help students gain reading skills. Classroom assessments and the military rank of student progress is also an essential component to this Tier. These assessments stop school districts to not only evaluate individual student achievement, but also the quality of instructional practices and its effect on group achievement1.The secon d Tier involves assessing and identifying students who are not responding to general instructional methods and providing much intense training in areas of weakness. Assessment is a significant component at this level, as results digest schools to determine students baseline abilities and whether they are responding to additional instruction1.Tier 3 is an intervention reserved for those students who do not respond to more intense instruction methods. Formal referrals for particular(prenominal) education evaluations are frequently inevitable at this point. Data gathered from the pre-referral intervention provides important information in the special education evaluation process by allowing diagnosticians the ability to determine effective learning strategies. After assessment is complete, an eligibility determination for special education is then made2.A three-Tiered model for instruction and intervention is based on the principle that academic and behavioral supports are first pr ovided at a core or universal level to

US Empire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

US imperium - Essay ExampleWhile this is the case, however, there take away been instances where the fall in States has tended to take the wrong actions when it had the opportunity to drill its massive leverage to help resolve the conflicts taking place in divided societies and its interventions in such conflicts have made some of the placements on the ground worse than they were before. The Ameri canister military capability can non be denied but its use in almost every conflict situation in the world is non advised because of the fact that not all conflicts can be resolved militarily. The foreign indemnity of the fall in States as it is currently is not compatible with the realities of the situation in the twenty first century because the measure of wars of aggression are long past and an age of absolute global peace is fast approaching. The policy of taking sides in domestic conflicts in such situations as in Israel, Syria and Libya, instead of endearing the get togethe r States to the world as a global peace turnr, has ended up doing the opposite, earning this country a bad cook on the global stage. It can therefore be said that the United States does not currently have the capability of resolving intrastate violence in divided societies and that in order for it to be fit to do so, it has to have a massive overhaul of its foreign policy. The fact that the United States has been proven not to have the capacity for ending intrastate violence in the various societies in the world has created a situation where it is not trusted in matters of conflict resolution. This is mainly because in most of its interventions, it has consistently interpreted sides in local conflicts a matter which has earned it many grievances from the excluded parties. There has developed a situation where it has become a necessity for the United States to change some part of its policies concerning interventions in intrastate conflicts so that it can easily bring such conflict s to a speedy end. Among the means which can be suggested is by dint of the development of a strong neutral stance in such conflicts in order to make the opposing sides feel comfortable with American intervention because taking sides more often than not alienates a part of the society mostly against the power that is attempting to bring peace in the respective region (McGarry & OLeary, 2007). The development of a strong diplomatic resume would help the United States a great tidy sum when dealing with intrastate conflicts because there would be level ground for the conflicting sides to come to an amicable solution. This was seen in recent times in Kenya, where during the violence which erupted after the 2007 elections, the United States stepped up its diplomatic machine to fancy that peace was returned to this divided society. The nimble intervention in this conflict by the United States government, led by the then Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice helped in a massive way in the swift ending of the conflict and the return to normalcy in Kenya (Adeagbo & Iyi, 2011). Diplomatic means should therefore be a priority for the United States in its endeavor to foster peaceful societies all over the world. The capability of the United States as a global diplomatic force is among the greatest in human history and this can be used to great advantage in the resolution of intrastate conflicts all over the wor

Tibet Civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tibet Civilization - Essay ExampleIt was fused with imperialism and became the godliness of the kings during the reign of Song Tsen Gampo who ruled from 617 AD to 650 AD. He married two Chinese princesses who were Buddhistics. He had the holy place book of Sutras translated into the Tibetan language and thus the common people were able to read and understand the Buddhist scriptures. In the 8th century, King Trisong Detsen brought in the great Buddhist scholars from India, Pandit Shantarakshita, Kamalasila and Padmasambhava to spread the word of Lord Buddha. The archetypal spiritual community was set up as a Buddhist monastery in Samye. This helped the Indian chance variable of Buddhism to be established in Tibet and not the Chinese version. In 842 AD, King Lang Dharma persecuted Buddhists and tried to uproot the religious belief as he tried to bring back the original Bon religion. By 978, during the reign of King Yeshe, Buddhism was revived and with the help of Indian pundits, Buddhism was brought back as the official religion.According to Smith (2001, p. 45-49), final product of Buddhism was a combination of Mahayana Buddhism and the Tantric movement. Mahayana actually began as a splinter group from the Buddhist Mahasangha and it prescribed a more liberal monastic tradition and attitude for the followers. The followers of Buddhism were used to the Mahabharata and the Ramayana and they had notions of heroes, evil sprits, good, bad and some other folklore. Accordingly, Lord Buddha was represented as different godlike Buddha images in different stages. With this belief came the adherence to sutras that be holy utterances and scriptures. Tantras are holy scriptures and writings that explain the process of enlightenment through rebirths and the endless cycles/second of life. Tantra was practiced by the Siddhi, the expert who knows the secrets of Buddhism. The most important of the sutras are Prajaparamita also called as the Perfection of wiseness Suddhar ma-pundarika or the true Dharma Vimalakirti-nirdesha or

Mcl restaurant Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mcl restaurant - Research Paper ExampleTop-level managers giving instruction to their immediate subordinates what is referred to as a chain of command characterizes this nerve structure. In this line organization structure, the managers can also delegate social function of their functions to their subordinates while remaining responsible for their actions. Decentralization is further embraced in the line structure whereby there ar managers responsible for the various departments of the restaurant.MCL organization follows a function wise department in which similar tasks are brought together. This kind of departmentalization is a reflection of the functions of the organization, follows the principles of specialization, and promotes control by the top managers. Task oriented departmentalization is also uncomplicated to understand in addition to the improvement in efficiency in the business. Functional departmentalization ensures easier communication and eradicates duplication of f unctions.However, functional departmentalization causes the risk of overspecialization and concentration on the departmental objectives rather than the general organizations goals (Griffin & Moorehead 78). This may hamper the fruition of the overall objectives of the business. It might also be characterized by communication breakdown between the organizations different functions.MCL organization structure supports its strategy by promoting efficient communication, determines the execution of roles with the aim of ensuring organizations success. The structure also makes the organization serve to the changes in the environment and pursue new ways of achieving objectives. Moreover, the structure defines how work is done and coordinated so eradicating

Introduction to Accounting and finance -- Economics, Finance and Assignment - 6

Introduction to Accounting and finance -- Economics, Finance and caution - Assignment Examplereality this may not be the case, the company may face jerky changes in any of these estimates and if any major change occurs, it would definitely affect the estimate and the cash hunt down forecast presented above. Although the companys cash position improves gradually during the 6 month period check to the cash flow forecast there may be certain areas that may need to be considered. (BusinessLink, 2010)Managers need to be aware of the huge interest that the company has to pay for the overdrafts and the contri andes taken out by the company, managers should choose between the best possible sources of loan i.e. every the overdraft or the long term loan to manage the company more effectively. (Wilkinghoff, 2009)There is a major difference between the cash realise by a company and its profit. The profits that a company makes are usually based upon write up techniques and standards and th ese do not always show the correct picture of a company. Profit is derived by deducting the revenue enhancement earned from the cost incurred in gaining those revenue plus other immaterial things such as depreciation, provisions, amortization, goodwill, and so forth these figures are fictitious and are not in cash terms i.e. no cash is either received or paid when such things occur. Cash on the other hand gives a breach picture of a company which can clear make the managers ascertain the liquidity position of a company and the companys actual earnings with respect to its actual spending. The cash figure clearly tells the managers as to how much liquid cash is available that can be used to invest in the business or can be paid off to its shareholders. (Liquidity, 2010)The balance sheet of Hide and look Ltd clearly shows the depreciation figure used up in calculating the net worth of the noncurrent assets of the organization. The balance sheet clearly shows that the company has a good working capital of around 3100 but this is not shown in the cash flow forecast for the month of June, which

Civil War Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Civil War - Movie review ExampleMany plastic films based on the courteous war in the United States of America take away been written to dramatize and teach on the effects of civil war in America. Shenandoah film is hotshot such movies based on civil war in the United States.Shenandoah is a movie on the civil war in America, done by James Stewart, Doug McClure, Glenn Corbett, Patrick Wayne, and Katharine Ross and directed by Andrew Mclaglen in 1965.The movie was done in the Virginia evoke during civil war. In this movie, the director shows how a planter in Virginia state who was unwilling to join the civil war was forced to participate in the war between the join passs and the Confederate armies, by the capturing of his son by the Union Soldiers at the river banks during their attempt to recruit more soldier to their side. This family is portrayed as peace loving and did not want to engage in the war unless it pertain them.In writing this movie, Stewart intended to teach that war is not the best way of solving grievances and governmental differences. The reason for participating in war must first be established and should not be based on political propaganda, as was seen between the Southern and the Northern States. His anti war sentiments in this movie was however different in some squatters as there was a belief in America, that for Union to exist among different people, it had to be fought for and won ( Warren 5). This belief certainly is what lead to civil war in America due the fight for control of the country.Despite the farmers contrary of his family engaging in the war according to this movie, we find them being forced to participate after the capturing of their 16 year old son by the Union soldiers. This forced the family to begin the search of their son as he is seen going even the prison in search of their captured son. In the event he finds himself engage in the war, however he did not take sides in this war. This

Writting about SARs disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Writting about SARs disease - Essay Exampleo appropriate medications and swift action on the parts of doctors and nurses to help contain the virus, there were only octonary reported cases in the United States that year. All of these people had traveled to other parts of the world with severe acute respiratory syndrome. SARS did not spread more widely in the community in the United States (CDC, 2005). However, this does not beggarly that the virus could not possibly spread in the US general population at just about point in the future or that the danger of the illness should be underestimated or ignored. To ensure that a general outbreak does not occur, it is up to the medical community to remain informed about the disease, including companionship regarding what ca utilisations it, how it is transmitted and the best ways of treating it. With this knowledge in hand, it is possible to develop intervention strategies appropriate for use by community health nurses.The SARS virus is co nsidered a febrile severe lower respiratory illness. This simply means that it is an illness that attacks the lower respiratory system and is attended by fever. Most patients consider a high fever at the onset of the disease of something higher than 100.4F. This is most often accompanied by a headache, overall body aching and a sense of discomfort regardless of attempts to the contrary. match to the CDC, some people claim mild respiratory symptoms at the outset. About 10 percent to 20 percent of patients have diarrhea (2005). This condition typically persists for anywhere from two to seven days originally the patient develops a dry cough. An overwhelming number of patients with the illness then begin to develop pneumonia. some other common symptoms of the disease include rashes, loss of appetite and general confusion.In attempting to discover the cause of the disease, scientists have identified a novel coronavirus now referred to as SARS-associated coronoavirus. A coronavirus i s a subgroup of the RNA viruses. This particular slip is unique in that they

Individual assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Individual assignment - Essay Examplethat company operations do non violate any of the standards set by uprightness. Both internal and external audit mustiness be done periodically to ensure that company operations are within the limits of standards set by law (Pricewaterhouse Coopers 2001 p 24).Torts are also known as civil wrongs and entitle a victim to obtain damages. There are three kinds of Torts well-read torts negligence and strict tort financial obligation. Intentional torts are injuries that a ships company sustained as a result of some other persons intentional acts. Examples of intentional torts are defamation, which are untrue statements made by a person to inflict damage against another contract interference, or interfering on the freedom of parties to enter into contract false imprisonment, is the detention of an involuntary ships company intentional infliction of emotional distress, and invasion of privacy, which can be committed either by interfering with an others privacy business, disclosing to the public the private matters of another, and stealing the identity of another for earn (Jennings 2005 pp 367-380).The tort of negligence, on the other hand, presupposes a situation when a party comes to harm because the other party acted in wanton disregard of others safety and health. To prove negligence, its five elements must co-occur and be proven the duty to act with care the breach of the duty through careless actions causation, or that the breach of the party of the duty of care is the result of the injuries sustained the negligence of the party must be the direct or proximate cause of the injury, and the victim must show that he or she must have sustained damages because of the negligent act of the other party (Jennings 2005 pp 383-394).Finally, strict tort liability is a type of tort that is so called because the law imposes absolute liability on the erring party and providing him with

Philosophy of education timeline analysis Essay

Philosophy of education timeline analysis - Essay ExampleI get out hunt down this theme further in my essay and will trace its origins and development. The later part of the essay will explore the role naturalism plays in the current educational globe.The East and West take up well-heeled ethical traditions (Brannigan, 2005). Some like the Confucianism developed in a certain area- China in the campaign of Confucianism (Confucianism, 2010)- whereas others like naturalism were developed and promoted by philosophers all over the world. Naturalism is that branch of philosophy that adheres to the tone that everything can be explained scientifically. It can be portrayed as the political theory that everything constitutes a part of spirit and there is no reality that is beyond the scope of nature (Goetz & Taliaferro, 2008). The philosophical paradigm denounces the supernatural, supporting the ideology that everything in nature can be accounted for by a scientific cause. The philoso phy relies on observational and evidence-based science to prove and ratify the natural phenomena around us. Naturalists believe that everything in the universe is governed through scientific principles and even the social and behavioral elements that constitute an individuals thought process and rationality have a scientific basis. Naturalism does not have a priori approach to explain the natural world rather it attempts to provide a scientific justification through knowledge that does not involve the modified senses. It is also known as materialism and its basic definition encompasses the tenet that individuals are a tout ensemble natural phenomena. In the past centuries, scientific discoveries have replaced many of the myths and superstitions by concrete scientific explanations. The come in at which science has progressed is exponential as a result, the theory of naturalism has received more real data to support it. Naturalism has developed overtime by such advances in techno logy and by the works of many

Peaceful coexistence within society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

cessationful coexistence within golf-club - leaven ExampleThis is because conflict and violence have resulted in the immigration of business investors, development experts as well as a massive number of their population who could have participated in developing their nation. Conflict amidst neighbors or countries whitethorn also result to loss of lives especially of innocent skilled people who may promote the rapid economic development of a nation (Council of International Relations 2008, n.p) There are various policies that have been formulated and implemented by different stakeholders to ensure that there is a dispassionate co-existence within the society for instance famous presidents like Franklyn D. Roosevelt advocated for peaceful co-existence mingled with nations, an action which saved the beingness from a large extent of barbarism. Currently, various peace policies have been implemented to ensure that societies and nations live peacefully, for example, the UN Peace B uilding Commission that was developed in 2005 which has thirty-one member state and it is geared towards promoting peace between the member state nations through the development and monitoring of peacebuilding activities.Hard work in every development activeness is the pathway that leads individuals from poverty it is imperative for everybody aspiring to be successful to commit himself/herself in all activity he/she conducts. The fruits of hard work are also important in reducing immoral activities among the society such as robbery and violence that are generally conducted by idle people.

Cyber Crime Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Cyber Crime - Literature review ExampleHowever, these technologies represent significant costs for communication companies, and ultimately, the world-wide public. With more businesses coming to depend on reckoners and internet-based systems, attacks on these systems nonplus increased. Such attacks subscribe been considered crimes which covers the application of computer networks, alongside financial scams, hacking, virus attacks, phishing, cyber stalking, and pornography (Li, et al. 2012). In 2000 for instance, the ILOVEYOU virus caused billions of dollars in damage to different computers and companies altogether over the world (Mishra and Pajrapati, 2013). It was later discovered that two Filipinos were responsible for the creation of the virus. However, since the Philippines, at that time, did not have any cybercrime laws which would have held the perpetrators accountable, the perpetrators were later released (Mishra and Pajrapati, 2013). Regardless of the presence or absence of cybercrime laws however, the apprehension and prosecution of perpetrators have been made difficult by the nature of the offence, including the complications related to the cyber security awareness and cyber incident reporting (McGuire and Dowling, 2013 KPMG, 2011). This melodic theme shall carry out a literature review of cybercrimes, cyber security awareness, including cyber incident reporting. Related details shall invoke to the usual cybercrimes which have gained notoriety and in general, government actions related to cybercrimes, and the challenges presented by cybercrimes and cyber security.According to Gercke (2012) cybercrimes are in like manner considered in relation to computer crimes. Different perspectives have been considered to develop a more encompassing explanation and understanding of cybercrimes and computer crimes (Gercke, 2012). Cybercrimes nevertheless have a more specific focus than computer-related crimes, especially as computer-crimes only involve

Mobile Phones Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mobile Ph iodines Development - Essay ExampleContrary to digital standards, in 1G, the vowel system is merely modulated to frequency equal to or above 150 MHz (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 36, 2000). sideline 1G was 2G or second coevals, which was more efficient than 1G in three important managements. First, as mentioned before, 2G worked on digital signals rather than analog signals. Second, the 2G system s were far more effective then analog in that they allowed for way higher levels of penetration. Finally and most importantly, 2G brought with it, data service beginning from SMS messaging. Next comes the third generation or 3G, which refers to standards specified by International Mobile Telecommunications (Hamill & Lasen, 41, 2008). This evolved version offers services like wide- ara wireless, mobile internet, scene calls, and mobile TV. According to IMT conditions, 3G system provides minimum 200 Kbits/s data rate (Organization for Economic Co-opera tion and Development, 36, 2000). underway releases of this generation of mobile call offs provide wideband access to other accessories like laptop and smart phones. A study of this progressive change in the industry reveals that a new generation of mobile phone appears every ten years. Each generations brings with it new bands of frequency, faster data rates and irrevocable transmission technology. Currently, WiMAX is considered the 4G or fourth generation of the mobile phone industry (Harper & Buress, 119, 2008). This newest update promises IP based mobile broadband to laptops and smart phones, gaming and streamed mul clockdia. Mobile phones have undoubtedly revolutionized the communication industry in every contingent way (Hamill & Lasen, 41, 2008). Gone are the days when hatful would wait endlessly for someone to return to their homes to tattle to them. Mobile phones today bring everyone together, connecting everyone to the virtual world of information, day in and day out. O ne way mobile phones have bear on telecommunications is that no one now uses telephones. Although marketing research analysts do not agree that rapid growth in mobile industry will result in fall apart of landline usage, there is a little reason to believe otherwise. One reason for disagreeing is the expanding growth of VoIP, Skype, and Google component over the past few years. For instance, Australia witnesses the growth in VoIP market by 3% a month (Harper & Buress, 119, 2008). VoIP attracts this large number of market because of the same service of conventional landlines offered at reduced costs. Many people argue that connection of phone to internet is not smart enough since call drops every time the connection fails. However, the modern fiber-optic internet provides more than 95% efficiency, which makes the connection quality equal to that offered by traditional landlines (Harper & Buress, 119, 2008). The increase in drop of landline usage has an important implication. Sinc e there is no one centralized directory for mobile phone numbers, the risk of harassing-on-phone and violation of privacy increases. This also comes down as a bane for telemarketers who now find it difficult to get through o potential customers since the caller IDs are available in most cell phones. Another way in which mobile phones has affected communication industry is through its ability to bring everything together under one roof. Mobile phones are a blend of TV, laptop, tape recorder, IPod, camera, video recorder (Horst & Miller, 30, 2006). Instead of carrying all these gadgets separately, all one necessarily

Planning and the Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Planning and the truth - Essay ExampleFrom the research it can be comprehended that development of architectural planning and levelheaded control on building construction in England has a long history which dates back to most 1180s. This history has generated accounts of interest for building enthusiasts. The legal control on building construction began in the position capital London which was densely populated. The buildings in the city were densely packed creating so many problems in the city and could only be solved communally. Houses could be built with thin party walls and poorly sited privies as considerably as gutters which could cause abhorrences to the neighbors. In addition, there were complaints from the residents that one house could block light from the other. For this reasons, the governing decided to set up building regulations that could give guidelines on building construction this was as proto(prenominal) as 1189. During this medieval time, the greatest risk was net outbreaks. In 1212, there was a devastating fire which huge destruction in the city, the mayor of the city could regularly received complaints about building nuisance by one neighbor against the other. The problem of unpolished and townsfolk planning in England worsened during the mysterious revolution which the country went through during the nineteenth century. The revolution in England brought about enormous growth of the countrys population especially in the urban centers.... The influx of people in the industrial town was partly as a result of the decline in agricultural activities in the countryside especially afterward 1850. At the begging, the conditions around the newly founded industrial towns were very appealing. For this reason, houses as well as industries drastically sprung up and were built side by side and no efforts were made for purposes of zoning or planning so to speak. People had to live within their places of work and thus they build their houses around the industries. Worse still, nobody seemed to mete out about the standards of building construction or even sanitation of the area. The haphazard construction of the houses and industries encouraged the counterpane of various diseases causing devastating outbreaks of typhoid and cholera in the industrial towns. Following the cholera epidemics that lead to loss of many lives, several commissions were formed to inquire on the causes and to give possible recommendation. Several reports were published such as the report by the Poor Law Commissioners in 1838and the Royal commission on the Health of Towns in 1842. These publication and other led to the enactment of a couple of legislations by fantan related to building construction in the country. Even though these Acts covered limited scope, as well as effects, they were significant in laying the basis of enduring legislative restrictions on the freedom of those who have land to construct buildings as the deemed fit. A Genera l Board of Health was established under the worldly concern Health Act of 1848. This board was charged with the responsibility of ensuring that both the existing and new buildings provided

Discussion- Ch11 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion- Ch11 - Coursework ExampleThe product life cycle and development strategies are chequered so as to meet the consumers satisfaction needs. Price is a term used to list to a value that is placed on an object to allow exchange between a seller and a buyer. When the buyer is satisfied with the products utility, they exchange their purchasing power. This, therefore, implies that any adjustments to the price has an shock absorber on marketing and hence will influence the demand and sales of the product. Price is usually outstanding as it determines the profits of the company.Promotion is a method used to persuade consumers to accept goods, services and hitherto ideas. This is done through advertisements, public relations, publicity and sales promotion. Since digital advertisement is rapidly growing, it is the most apply forms of communication through social media and websites. Lastly, distribution is the provision of the product to the consumers in the right place and in d esired quantities.Liang brings out the fact that marketing is a paramount tool for any business in the sense the company gets the publicity of its products and understands the needs of its consumers. He believes it is a systematic process whereby the company does a consumer based research and obtains information on an efficient way to reach out and sell their products and services. Liang covers the quality of marketing for a business

Chapter 8 mini case #350 S Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chapter 8 mini 350 S - Case Study ExampleTimmy works on temporary basis and thus he does non belong to the group of employees that are entitled to annual paying leave. He is only entitled to paid public holidays over and above the off-duty time he enjoys as a part-time worker. The labour agreement that Aldrich produces to support his request for paid leave is a bodied bargain that does not cover employees in his category. Employees are entitled to an annual paid leave of devil weeks after working in Smedley Bottled Gas for one calendar year from the date of hiring. It is true that Aldrich was hire one year ago and that the labour agreement cover all employees. However, it would not make scotch sense for an employee who reports on duty only on Friday afternoons to request for a paid leave.In this case, Aldrich should not be given the paid leave and because of his irate response, the reasons for this should be clearly explained to him. This would avoid any lawsuit where he would think that there is discrimination and profiling in the company and that he is looked down upon by the companys management (Society for Human Resource Management,

Should the federal government legalize the use of marijuana Research Paper

Should the federal government legalize the use of marihuana - seek Paper ExampleSuch studies have been quoted as proof of the good qualities of the drug whenever the subject of legalizing marihuana is brought up. However, most of these studies do not tackle the issue about common mental problems that are undergo by patients when they consume marijuana in order to contain pain symptoms. It is a recognized accompaniment that marijuana can cause anxiety problems, as well as depression, in all users. employ marijuana can also set off schizophrenic characteristics in individuals who are predisposed to acquire this condition. These are facts that are never directly addressed by scholars who study marijuana users.The word marijuana refers to a concotion of flowers, dried leaves, seeds and stems that originate from Cannabis sativa, which is the hemp plant. This mixture has mind-altering substances like delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), among other colligate chemicals. This concoction usually also contains substances such as hash oil and hashish. Marijuana is said to be the most popular illegal drug in nations all around the world. There are a number of nations that have taken the step of banning its use, however. In America, the Federal Government does not apply the proposed legalization of marijuana which has been proposed by many state governments.This means that, in some cases, federal laws leave clash with state laws. There are 18 states that have legalized the use of marijuana for medical purposes. In other states, local governments are involved in debates concerning the legalization of marijuana for medical, as well as social purposes. For the most part, many users of marijuana do not consider the adverse effects of the drug, when proposing its legalization. This is something that has attach the majority of debates in which the advocates of the legalization of marijuana support the notion that it has medicinal properties that even serve to

Suffering of Woman Protagonist in Male Hegemony Society Within The Yellow Wallpaper Essay Example for Free

Suffering of Woman Protagonist in Male Hegemony Society Within The chickenhearted study EssayWomen role in a fiat has always been changing since prehistoric times so it could non be difined accuratly. However there always has been a stereotype male figure in the society which nearly has not altered since the very first. Besides the women role as well differed between religions and civilisations. For voice in early Native American Tribes women were something deified , this however shifted and women no longer thought to be topnotch , and quite opposite they were considered to be inferior. By 19 century with the influence of the Civil War and every culture(predicate) of the social protests demand to improve the woman rights caused many another(prenominal) women to question the inferior role patriarchal society cast for them. Due to the fact that north won the war and so slavery was prohibited contribute the women to claim their own rights in United States. During the end of 19 century many woman writers wrote heterogeneous things to show their sexual urges suffering living in a male dominant society. In l890 Florence Fenwick Miller , midwife turned journalist describes womans position succinctly.Under exclusively celluloid laws women have been reduced to the most abject conditions at legal slavery in which it is possible for humans beings to be held , nether the arbitrary domination of anothers will and dependent for decent discussion exclusively on the goodness of heart of the individual master. ( from a speech to the National Liberal Club) The Yellow W alonepaper was also written during late 19 centuries by Charlotte Perkins Gilman to indicate the female suffrage under male hegemony America.The writer demostrates a common female figure who is remaining passive in exclusively the decisions she should take for her own however instead her husband seat decides for everything she should do even in her every day schedule, as the female protagon ist states I have a schedule prescription for distributively hour in the day he takes all care from me, and so I feel nastily ungreatful not to value it more. The storyteller also stereotypes all o the male characters she addresses during the short story. She emphasises that they are all the same or worse than each other in treating women.She informs the reader that her husband who is a mendelevium does not believe that she is sick instead he assures friends and relatives that she has nothing except temporary nervous depression. The narrator compares her husbands opinion closely her with her brothers my brother is also a physician, and also of high standing , and he says the same thing. (13). Another male figure she compare with her husband is Weir Mitchell who is a physician too I had a friend who was in his hands once, and she says he is just corresponding John and my brother, only more so (85). Due to all paralleling she made about opposite gender within the The Yellow Wa llpaper we comprehend that the writer is feeling under oppression.Moreover the narrator writes on her secret dairy since she was prohibited to write or read anything. Actually the writer was prohibited to finish everything other than essential ask of human being. It was banned for her to write ,to imagine and to work but she does not share with them the same opinion she states personally I believe that congenial work, with excitement and change would do me good. (13). She is unhappy with all the rights they insist her to do however she is sure that these things are not curing her. in that location are also repetition of some questions but what is one to do? (15), and what s one to do? (9), what is one to do? (10) which indicates that even though the writer does not agree with them in numerous points, she is not able to change neither her marriage nor her life since she knows that women are valued as long as they are supportive to their male companions.Another point is that Joh n be minutes and ridicules her fears , opinions and believes. Because when she told her opinion about the sensationalistic cover in which is in their room she says he laughs at me so about this wallpaper (50). The writer thinks that the yellow wallpapers colour is repellent and revolting. Moreover we witness that the woman has worse ideas about this wallpaper there are things in the wallpaper that nobody knows but me, or ever will. keister that outside pattern the dim shapes get clearer every day. It is always the same shape, only very numerous.And the likes of a woman stooping down and creeping about behind that pattern. I do not like it a bit. I wonder I begin to think I wish John would take me away from here (122). We comprehend that John did not care about her feeling concerning the wallpaper in their room therefore that caused her to sight nonfactual things and believe them the most strange fact is that Johns attitude towards her forced her not to tell all what she bel ieves and thinks I had no intension of telling him it was because of the wallpaper he would make fun of me (169).Besides we understand that John thinks she is still small because he calls her little girl perhaps that is the reason why he wants to control her and give all the decisions about her. in like manner it could be the reason why she does not tell him about her secret thoughts because he would think that she needs to be controlled. The short story has fascinatingly dramatic end which effects its reader and demonstrates that the writer wants to be extrad from this male hegemony oppressing her in her every action .The narrator which was annoyed of the wallpaper in her room and believed that women were confine beneath the wallpaper got slowly got insane due to that idea and peeled off all the paper intending to free the trapped women. She ends the story by these words I have got out at last , in spite of you and Jane . And have pulled off most of the paper, so you can not p ut me back. (265). We occur that the women she speaks about is her and all the women trapped in a male dominant society. So she belives she can free them from this pressure by peeling the wallpaper.Probably she sights the wallpaper as the society and her husband. Moreover we observe that she s tired of the role she was given by the society and wants to get rid of it. We witness a similar ending when we read Virginia Woolfs To The Lighthouse , we face a perfect example for the gender roles Mrs Ramsay. Mrs Ramsay is a wonderful actor in novel ,playing her role of angel in the home with a worthy diligence. .. she had the whole of the other sex under her protection for reasons she could not explain, for their chivalry and valour, for the fact that they negotiated treaties ,ruled India, controlled finance. (11).Such a view is what we have seen in our houses since our childhood and what is going on in other houses. Being an good mother and wife who stays at home and does what her hu sband says is the only thing that is expected from the female figure nothing more than that is awaited. To get rid of it in order to get prove in life as neither being supportive nor supported as needs a acuate cut from the past description of what and who is woman. So that is what Virginia Woolf does by killing Ramsay through the end of the novel.This example shows that many woman writers touched on the same matter in their writings In the given office in The Yellow Wallpaper we have woman figure whom oppresses her feelings ,imaginations and thoughts because she knows that is the only way she can be accepted by her husband and the society she dwells in. However this female protagonist struggles to gain a base instead submitting society rules and the dominance of masculine hegemony. And finally when she thinks she got free from the place they trapped her , we witness that she got mad. So we can observe the sufferings of the writer due to the man hegemony she is oppressed.

A Rose for Emily Essay Example for Free

A arise for Emily EssayBeyond these two similarities the stories differ greatly. One of the most notable differences between the two stories is the sieve with which they are written. Poe takes us into the mind of the main character using the start somebody. In this way we produce about the insults perpetrated against the main character along with the intimate reasoning he uses to justify his act of murder. On the contrary, Faulkner writes his paper in the third-person omniscient voice and defines the main character through a myriad of reenforcement characters and dynamic imagery. This use of tense functions well and reinforces the writers plot design. The two writers create in truth different environments in which the action takes place. Faulkner opens his short story setting up a gloomy, dark stage by describing a derelict Victorian home in a denigrated neighborhood. In the case of Poes short story the first clear description of the environment comes later in the story and describes the tunnels leading to the cask of Amontillado. This fasten setting appears to reinforce the cramped space in which Fortunato is ultimately entombed.These settings work well to create a mysterious and tense plot. Faulkner uses many characters in his story where Poe restricts himself to just two. In Faulkners story the fighter is defined through the eyes of many characters thus creating an air of mystery that surrounds the main character, ignore Emily. Miss Emily is known only through the minds others. Conversely, Poe restricts his story to include only the aggressor and victim. This minimal cast, combined with the first person tense, keeps the reader focused exactly where Poe intended.This diverse use of characters adds greatly to the tension prevalent in these two dynamic stories. The creative use of tense, environment and characters make these two stories stand out. The first person tense takes you deep into the mind of a killer in one story and 2 in the other a portr ait is painted by a diverse group of characters. Two very different settings reinforce an air of mystery. The dynamic use of these techniques makes these two short stories stand out as industry standards. 3

Housewife in India and Pakistan Essay Example for Free

Housewife in India and Pakistan EssayIn India different approaches to domestic responsibilities are found in the various ethnic groups. In a Hindoo family, the head of the family is the Griha Swami (Lord of the House) and his wife is the Griha Swamini(Lady of the House). The Sanskrit words Grihast and Grihasta perhaps come closest to describing the entire gamut of activities and roles undertaken by the householder or lady of the house. Grih is the Sanskrit root for house or home Grihasta and Grihast are derivatives of this root, as is Grihastya. The couple lives in the state called Grihastashram or family system and together they nurture the family and help its members (both young and old) through the travails of life. The woman who increments the family tree (bears children) and protects those children is described as the Grihalakshmi (the wealth of the house) and Grihashoba (the glory of the house). The elders of the family are known as Grihshreshta. The husband or wife may exact in countless other activities which may be social, religious, political or economic in spirit for the ultimate welfare of the family and fiat.However, their unified status as joint householders is the nucleus from deep down which they operate in society. The status of a woman as a housewife anchors them in society and provides meaning to their activities within the social, religious, political and economic framework of their world.However, as India undergoes modernisation, many women are in employment, particularly in the larger cities such as Mumbai or Delhi, where most women will work. In Muslim families, use of the term housewife (or its equivalent) is uncommon, even though housewives are very common and stay-at-home husbands are extremely rare. Muslim society sets different expectations for the husband and wife, but respects their individuality.

Hobbes’ And Lockes Political Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Hobbes And Lockes Political Philosophy EssayOn Hobbes Political PhilosophyHobbes scientistic school of theme presupposed that gay is the self-sufficient interpreter of the f tours of life and that man can correctly define what the positions of life argon. a standardised to the Sophists, Hobbes asserted that the knowable facts of life argon sole(prenominal) particular empirical things. Thus, Hobbes asserted that universal words, much(prenominal) as good and evil, are incomprehensible to man in the objective sense as grow in reality. Because they are non-empirical and universal, they are guileless names. Like the Sophists, Hobbes was also a nominalist. Moreoer, Hobbes asserted that meta physiological essences and metaphysical variants do non exist. idols attributes are holyly names that man thinks would honor Him. Thus, like the Sophists, there is no indwelling hierarchy tied to the essences or purposes of things, but only(prenominal) a land of inseparable causes. For Hobbes, man existed individually in a say of nature in the lead polite establishment was formed. He asserted that forgiving equality is based upon an empirical condition, namely power. Man in the secern of nature was obligated only to seek Peace by self-preservation. Hobbes embraced a negative theory of turndom. there was really no jurisprudence in the domain of nature because the obligation to seek peace was not declared from a higher power no one had a Bible in the reconcile of nature to proclaim to him the will of almighty God. As one who believed in Gods foundation, Hobbes scientistic epistemology and ontology agonistic him to embrace theological voluntarism.Ultimately, morals are grounded in the arbitrary will of God rather than His character. Hobbes postulated that the excellent will and power are the only legitimate grounds of law.1 In terms of what is good and evil, well(p) and un only when, the essential man in a res publica of nature did whatever he re asonably thought was a sort tabu in his own eyes to remain his life.If starting another person was deemed necessary to preserve his life, and so it was good and just in the sense that it preserved the peace. Thus, because good and evil, just and unsportsmanlike are mere names whose meanings no one can agree on, the state of nature is a state of war, every man against every man. And because man naturally avoids the risk of harm, he arms himself to preserve the peace.2For Hobbes, only well-mannered society has a supreme soereign to give the citizens the standard they so desperately guide to pretend between good and evil, virtue and vice. For Hobbes, good and evil are not objective ideas root in reality that man can conceive and understand with his own mind. Therein is the fountain from which springs ahead the conflict of individual man in a state of nature.Man, as a risk avoider, stimulates with his sheik man to leave the state of nature and create an artificial civic soc iety in which a third fellowship will act as the supreme power. Hobbes pointed, the will of the parties in their accessible contract create their duties to each other and to the third party. The third party, the fagot, must define for the society what is good and evil, just and unjust so that the natural war of all against all will cease. The king, however, is not a party to the contract. The king has no contractual traffic to the citizens, but only a natural duty to God to seek peace. The king seeks peace by deterring evildoers (the king defines who is evil) by wielding the sword and restricting free speech.Thus, whatever punishment meted out by the government is for the purpose of deterring wrongdoing, not retribution. That is, the evildoer is neither punished because he necessarily deserves it nor punished proportionally to his just desert, but because the punishment is an example to others how seriously the king tamp downs his duty to preserve the peace. Thus, logically, t he king could honorablely punish an innocent citizen. The only inalienable right the citizens have is the natural right to preserve their life. Thus, they contracted to obey the king they did not contract not to resist the king when being punished.In the state of nature, no man is obligated to heed another persons opinion or power. Every person has a right to all things, to define what is good and what is evil, unconstipated to kill a person if one does not trust him. For Hobbes, the primary means of achieving peace is by creating an artificial society through individual arrangemental relationships (Ibid, 66).In De Cive, Hobbes defined a contract as the act of two, or more, mutually conveying their rights and a covenant as that which involves promises that bind one to perform in the future (Ibid, 35-36). Hobbes policy-making theory involves more of a social covenant idea than a social contract. But he does tend to use the two terms interchangeably, as is evidenced below, perhaps signifying some(prenominal) that rights are condition up and that one is bound to perform in the future with the creation of obliging society out of the state of nature.3Most assuredly, Hobbes semipolitical philosophy is a recipe for a dominating and oppressive government Similar to the Sophists, Hobbes scientistic philosophy supports the argument that any philosophy that has scientific presuppositions and begins with physical particulars produces a negative view of freedom, a simple view of human equality based upon power, place that is equated with mere power and sanction, a deterrence theory of punishment, a natural law that can only be known in selfish generalities, natural rights that are grounded in mans self-interests, nominalism, and theological voluntarism.In addition, because the social contract or covenant is made with each other and not with the sovereign, the sovereign has no obligation to the people that arises from the social contract. The only obligation the a bsolute sovereign king has is to God. In Leviathan, Hobbes discusses why a king with such absolute power will not take all, spoil all, kill all. Hobbes states Though by right, that is, without injury to them, he may do it, yet can he not do it justly, that is, without breach of the natural laws, and injury against God. And therefore there is some security for subjects in the oaths which princes take.4Hobbes seems to say that the king would not be seeking peace, the one obligation of the natural law, if he desire to take all, spoil all, and kill all. But if the king does abuse his power, the citizens have an inalienable right to resist death. For Hobbes, the citizens contracted or covenanted away their natural right to all things, but one the preservation of life.According to Hobbes, that is the one inalienable right that men have. In essence, men contract or covenant with each other that the king may kill them if they do not perform their contractual duty, not that they will not re sist when then king attempts to kill them. Although the king can sin against God, in no situation is the right taken away from him, of slaying those who shall refuse to obey him.5 Moreover, the king has the right to judge what opinions and doctrines are enemies unto peace, and also that he forbid them to be taught.6 Hence, it is the sole purpose of having a civil government.On Lockes Political PhilosophyThe state of nature refers to the natural pre-political state of man. Except for the fact that Locke believed man naturally is a social person in a family, he agreed with Hobbes that man is not naturally a social being. Similar to Hobbes, civil society is not natural, but artificial. In a state of nature, man was free within the bounds of the natural law and was equal in power in relation to everyone else to act as judge in his own case and controversy with anyone else.The natural law obligates man to preserve himself to do no harm, and to preserve the community in the absence seiz ure of competition.7 Similar to Hobbes, Locke equated human equality with power. Although Locke believed in a positive view of freedom whereby man is free only within law, Locke failed to steer that man could know the specifics of the natural law code and thus, he failed to show that man really possessed a positive freedom in the state of nature. Do no harm does not provide much moral guidance. In reality, like Hobbes, for Locke man possessed a negative freedom.Locke stated state all men are naturally in is a state of perfect freedom to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions, and persons as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature, without enquire leave, or depending upon the will of any other man. A state also of equality, wherein all the power and legal power is reciprocal, no one having more than another.8Similar to the Sophists and Hobbes, Locke believed man began his existence in a state of nature. For Locke, the state of nature is divided into tw o historical stages. In the first stage, man had a natural property right over his own body. Everything else was naturally held in common. When a man labored over something that was held in common, he acquired property in it. Moreover, man had a natural right of subsistence, which was regulated by spoilage. In other words, what man possessed as property by mixing his labor with it was restrict by what he could consume before spoiling. The second stage of the state of nature was initiated in by the invention and use of money.With the invention of money, man could enlarge his possessions way beyond what he could consume before spoiling. Money does not spoil. Although the use of money produced the unequal division of the earth, overall, Locke argues everyone is better off For Locke, mankind socially compacted to form civil society for several reasons first, some in the state of nature were ignorant of the law of nature, second some were biased by the amount of property they had, third , there was no impartial judge to resolve disputes, and fourth, there was no third power to execute the law of nature. Underlying all of these reasons to form civil society is, similar to the Sophists and Hobbes, mans self-interested passion to preserve himself.Because not one suppositional or practical principle is written on mans heart, the natural law is not written on mans heart. Because the natural law can be known only from a lawmaker, those who are ignorant of Gods existence because they fail to apply their reason are ignorant of the natural law. For those who do apply their reason and come to know of Gods existence and the natural law, Locke claimed that they could know the natural law code as they could know the specifics of mathematics.But Locke never came close up to showing that the specific moral code is capable of mathematical demonstration. Locke extremely overestimated how much moral noesis his empiricist epistemology could deliver. Lockes empiricist epistemology could not demonstrate in detail what was good or evil, just or unjust For Locke, mans conscience is nothing other than his own opinion of what is right and wrong. Thus, similar to the Sophists and Hobbes, Locke was basically a skeptic.Gods natural law governs his creatures. Although Locke wrote of Gods right and authority to swayer over his creatures, Locke never justifies his assertion. Locke never demonstrated that God was anything except the most powerful being that could induce obedience through rewards and punishments. Lockes empiricist epistemology does not allow him to draw the distinction between authority and mere power. Thus, like Hobbes, punishment for Locke was merely deterrence.Moreover, because Locke was so consumed with, and analyzed so thoroughly, the empiricist epistemology of natural law, Locke demonstrates clearer than Hobbes that scientism coupled with a vox populi in God leads to nothing but theological voluntarism, i.e., the law is ultimately grounded in Go ds almighty will, not His unchanging character, such that God can will anything to be moral. Thus, whoever embraces an empiricist epistemology and at the resembling time, acknowledges God as the ultimate lawgiver, will be left with nothing but theological voluntarism. Thus, scientistic modernism destroyed the firm and unchanging foundation of civil law and the only real restraint to civil tyranny, namely, a natural law grounded in Gods eternal and unchanging character.Similar to Hobbes, the starting time of civil governmental power for Locke is the consent of the people. There are two natural powers that are given to civil society, the legislative and executive. The legislative power in any civil government is superior over the executive because it gives the laws to the executive. Some of mans natural executive power is retained. This is so because mans natural right of self-preservation is inalienable, i.e., it cannot be given over to civil government.Thus, men in civil society have a right to resist the civil government if, after a long train of abuses, their opinion on the basis of their feelings grounded in their experience is that the civil government has violated the natural law. The civil governmental authority puts itself into a state of war with the people when it repeatedly violates the natural law. Tyranny occurs when the civil government acts out of its own self-interest and does not protect the property of the people. Lockes theory of civil resistance is weak, however, because he failed to demonstrate that the specific code of the natural law is knowable.9Similar to Hobbes, Lockes empiricist epistemology made the end of civil government empirical, i.e., the self-preservation of the people. Lockes theory of civil resistance is based upon the personal opinions of the people. Thus, Locke could support that notion that the civil government should tolerate every phantasmal opinion that does not threaten the peoples physical property.10Moreover, Loc ke placed most religious beliefs in the realm of mere opinions. For Locke, only a few religious propositions were within the realm of demonstrative knowledge. Overall, Lockes theory of religious toleration is a two-edged sword. In a sense, it encouraged theological relativism. In another sense, it allowed religious liberty, albeit seemingly equating toleration with liberty (negative freedom).Finally, if Hobbes political philosophy described how a society of skeptics could live together under one sovereign power, then Lockes political philosophy described how a society of skeptics could live together by balancing their opinions with the civil governments. Thus, contrary to Hobbes, Locke believed that a little civil resistance now and then is a good thing.Although Lockes political philosophy guards against tyranny better than the political philosophy of the Sophists and Hobbes, similar to the Sophists and Hobbes, Lockes scientistic philosophy supports the argument that any philosophy that has scientific presuppositions and begins with physical particulars produces a negative view of freedom, a simple view of human equality based upon power, authority that is equated with mere power and sanction, a deterrence theory of punishment, a natural law that can only be known in selfish generalities, natural rights that are grounded in mans self-interests, nominalism, and theological voluntarism.BIBILIOGRAPHYHobbes, Thomas. Leviathan Or the Matter, Forme and baron of a Commonwealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil, ed. Michael Oakeshott. New York Simon . Schuster, Inc., 1997.Locke, John. Two Treatises of Government, ed. Peter Laslett. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1988.1 Hobbes, Thomas, Leviathan Or the Matter, Forme and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil (New York Simon . Schuster, Inc., 1997), 54-63)2 Ibid, 72-77.3 Ibid, 11-21.4 Ibid, 77.5 Ibid, 79.6 Ibid, 76.7 Locke, John, Two Treatises of Government (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1988) 283-290 .8 Ibid, 263.9 Ibid, 290-292.10 Ibid.

Movie vs books Essay Example for Free

Movie vs obligates EssayFrom our mouths, to writing and finally to film, the way we itemise stories has evolved over time and I must say thank God for its advancements. Reading a have got preserve be nice but thanks to moving-picture shows all the work of deciphering the message of the bilgewater is do through the director of the motion picture. He is responsible for researching the fiction to find the intent of the sources and leave alone a great deal consult with the writer to bring you the true meaning of the story. The director brings the story to life on hiding with words, images, and sounds, leaving little to wonder, taking out the questions of what the story is about and leaving us with little or no debate. Examples of this can be seen in the Hollywood productions of the word pictures Holes and The Great Gatsby.The photograph Holes (2003) was directed by Andrew Davis who utilise the writer of Holes, Louis Sacher as a consultant on the set during production (Movie Hole Interview October 6, 2003). The movie follows the life of a boy, Stanley, who due to a family curse, ends up in a juvenile hands center field out in the middle of nowhere after being falsely accused of stealing shoes. A witch has placed a curse on Stanleys family causing this turn of events the curse cant be removed until he completes certain tasks for his best friend. At the detention center he is brought together by fate with a boy named Zero who will become his best friend. done trials and tribulations he and his friend are able to stay united, break the family curse, and get out of the juvenile detention center.Holes was one of my favorite movies growing up, and I have also read the book, I believe the movie follows the storyline of the book down to its minutest details. The movie provided all of the key factors that the book Holes was severe to convey, and in study the two I was almost stunned at the realization that the two were one in the same. The movie give s the reader and viewer the same theme time and time again throughout the story friends will get you through the day, and stick to your goals.The Great Gatsby is another movie that Im sure many another(prenominal) people are familiar with and the story is one I myself have fallen in hunch over with. Like holes I have also read the book that was based on the most new-fashioned Great Gatsby (2013) movie remake by director Baz Luhrmann. It is a marvelous movie that evokes a individuals passion, yet wills you to move on past lost relish. In the movie we follow the cashier who takes us into the world of Gatsby, a Debonair Millionaire.From watching the movie we may conclude that everything Gatsby does throughout the story is for a woman name Daisy, whom is in love with and desires. To impress her he throws luxurious parties and to be nearer to her he buys a mansion across the bay from her. Unfortunately due to his misplaced love, a love that should have been for God, he moves to co rruption and swindling to attain his love, alas the only love he receives is the one who loves all, Death.Director, Baz Luhrmann tells the pertly York Times (May 9, 2013) That he sticks close to the details of the story and lifts dialogue and description directly from the novels. In doing so he is helping to provide us with a view of the story that the writer envisioned.Yet face-to-face interpretation can be a problem within itself when comparing a movie to a book. While there is normally one message you can take away from a movie, with a book readers are able to decipher messages differently possibly coming to a conclusion the informant never think in the first place. Take the book 50 shades of Grey, which is rumored to be a movie soon, while discussing it with several women I have gotten several different interpretations of its meaning. Many saw the book as a romance novel with a main character that falls deeply in love. While some saw the main character as a scary control mo nstrosity who liked to beat up his women. As for myself, I took it as a trashy love story reminding us of things we all secretly wish for, like the change to be a millionaire and to have astounding sex.So in conclusion, I can say with certainty that movies are the media in todays society that can create a clear and concise message closely delivering what the writer had intended for its audience. While books can tell a story and allow the reader to use their imagination when find the message of the writer we are often unsure about what message the writer was truly trying to convey when we finish the book. Movies provide us with words, sights and sounds that give us a clearer picture as to what the writer is trying to tell us. When we finish watching a movie we are left with little direction for interpretation or argument and when we leave the theater we are satisfied that we have a ethical understanding of the writers true message was.

A war between the United States and Iran Essay Example for Free

A struggle between the unite States and Iran EssayPreparations for a massive military strike on Iran atomic number 18 in full tremble by the United States of the States. But leave alone these preparations convert to actual bombing on the ground? argon the two countries going to be embr oil colored in a state of war soon? These are the questions that are being asked e verywhere, in hushed tones if it is the Pentagon corridors and terrified glances if it is the streets of Tehran. With Iran defying the UNs c tout ensemble for restraint in its nuclear syllabus openly, it has exactly become successful in intensifying the speculations virtually the war. The issue here is Is it inevitable? beforehand we get in to the nitty-gritty of the Iranian crisis, let us look into the different causes of the wars that sustain been raged in the recent future. The twentieth century started with World War I in 1914 and since then, it is interesting to none that the wars occupy a particu lar pattern. The causes have always been dependent on three factors Systemic factors, internal political science and the role of the Decision maker. Hence, we would also try to imbibe the US-Iran issue through this prism. However, comparing the pre-nuclear wars in a pre-nuclear age with wars in post-nuclear age would be a waste of space.Instead, it would do well if we look into the causes that burn trigger a war in the present times where possessing nuclear spot is not solely a stark reality but also the bone of contention in this particular case. It is the drive by the Iranian g everywherenment that they are ready to start developing nuclear weapons is what has triggered the whole issue. And ironically, it is the very originator that is playing a deterrent in the war. Remarkable is the fact that it is only the States that is have-to doe with with Iran trying to possess the deadly weapon.The first and foremost question that would help us in find out the fate of this discuss ion would be Why is the States so bothered? the States, the self-declared big brother of all the nations on this planet, deals up the burden of maintaining peace on earth. To recite Eisenhower, independence is indivisible.. . America takes it as its in the flesh(predicate) duty to ensure that Freedom is maintained all over the world. If it was Communism that was a threat against Freedom during the cold war, at present it is the irresponsible rulers of nations that possess or aspire to possess nuclear weapons that are expectant the Freedom in the world.And when Truman declared that We piece of assnot hope to maintain our freedom, if freedom elsewhere is wiped out, he meant it. However, the crusades wherefore Israeli approach on Palestine killing hundreds of noncombatants is not wiping out Freedom but pairing Korea developing nuclear capability is has interesting reasons. History has been witness to this characteristic of America where it deems it is her right to brush up any country it testaments to protect the dishonored countrys freedom. According to Jutta Welders (Pg 37, culture of insecurity), the compelling reason for America to act in this fashion is to maintain its supremacy in the world.An act of aggression chthonian the cloak of Freedom fighters becomes a necessity to project itself as a strong nation which digest not only defend itself but protect other countries as well. A bright face would be the Cuban missile crisis. When this crisis occurred, some were of the view that it was quite unnecessary for America to take up such a strong and aggressive tone. However, it did do that and according to Jutta Weldes, it is the compelling reason to showcase its force that led it to act strong. In fact, Jutta Weldes matters the Cuban missile crisis as not a crisis at all.To quote her, .. crises are social constructions that are forged by state officials in the course of producing and reproducing state indistinguishability. She is of the view that it depends on the social construction that makes us define a situation as Crisis. It depends on how we view a nation that determines whether it is a crisis or not. For example, Iran possessing nukes is such a big issue and is presently converted into a Crisis whereas an equally notorious state like Pakistan possessing the deadly weapons is not.It has been time and again proved that large number of terrorist activities has their funds traced back to Pakistan. However, Pakistan escaped the whip but Iraq was destroyed in the delineate of WMDs The only explanation for this is the prism that US uses to define its foreign policies. Attack the nations that would give it a find out to maintain her supremacy in the world. Attacking Pakistan would back fire as it has the capability to strike back. And contend Iraq or Iran will definitely be easier as these countries have a notorious reputation which involve some policing and also are comparative weaklings.Hence, the systemic reaso ns for US to wage a war against Iran are quite obvious a chance to police a nation that has a history of load-bearing(a) the biggest threat world faces today, that is, terrorism and simultaneously reaffirm its number as the topnotchpower which it seems to be losing to China. If assail Iran salvages some pride for US, the role of municipal politics in the whole affair plays some other of import role. US, the strongest nation in the world today, are also the most vulnerable to attacks by various terrorist outfits.after 9/11, it has taken its goal of fighting terrorism quite seriously. However, the path it has chosen to fight it is not very often appreciated. The aftermath of 9/11 saw it attacking Afghanistan and driving out the Taliban ruthlessly. Afghanistan was the target area because it sheltered the most dangerous terrorist outfit in the world, Al-Qaeda. Their slogan was a political science modify is natural for to smoke out the terrorist and the whole war was essentiall y to capture one man Osama Bin Laden.The attack resulted in the killings of thousands of innocent(p) Afghanistan who were already tired by the war torn politics of Taliban. America could never capture the villain. However, it overthrew Taliban and today, a democratically elected government exists in place of it. Is Afghanistan a changed country today? Has America finally left its shores after the war? Both the answers are No Terrorism has been controlled and yes, America is still guarding Afghanistan with its air raids on civilians.The failure of capturing Osama in Laden was quite frustrating for the Bush authorities and it was in search for a new scapegoat. And they put together the perfect one in the form of ibn Talal Hussein Hussain. Suddenly, Iraq, the starving nation which was already bogged down by various sanctions and its citizens further troubled by the oppressive rule of Saddam Hussain finds itself in the line of fire. The reasons given are quite fishy. America is sud denly in possession of confidential information that Iraq possesses weapons of mass destruction and Saddam Hussain should be relieved of his responsibility of winning care of themThe reasons were uttered in the same chilling tone of how Iraq, which cant survive without winning aid from UN, poses the danger of destroying the whole world. The solution that is needed is again a Regime Change. America reasoned introduction of country in the country will solve the problem. Thus, despite the worldwide protests that label the growing contempt against America and the UN Security Council voting against a military attack, America single-handedly went about with its war on terrorism.After 3 years of war, a executed Saddam Hussain, uncountable civilian deaths and threats of civil war ( not to forget the daily suicide attacks by shiities), no one found alleged WMDs. Today, it has been almost accepted that the report on WMD was wrong The flak US trustworthy for the irresponsible behavior is enormous and its image in the middle east has gone for a thrashing as today, many believe that US is waging war on Islam rather than Terrorists. Its belief that a regime change is the only solution that can solve the problems of the world is quite naive.It proposes the same thing when it comes to Iran. Seymour M. Hersh, in journal Fact Annals of national security had mentioned his conversation with Patrick Clawson, an Iran expert who is the deputy director for research at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy and who has been supporter of President Bush, who clearly communicate of regime change the ultimate solution. He said, So long as Iran has an Islamic Republic, it will have a nuclear-weapons program, at least clandestinely. The key issue is therefore, how long will the present regime stand firm? This archaic view that regime change or toppling of government in another country and forcing them to democracy has never worked in bringing the much desired goal of the war peace. In fact, statistics have shown that the passage period from any kind of rule to democracy has always been bloody and nations become quite war-prone (Democratization and war). The most recent examples are, of course, Afghanistan and Iraq, which are facing gruesome infighting among themselves. So why is America so bent upon reservation a regime change in those countries?Apart from the apparent reasons of dismantling the network of terrorism, experts are of the view that it is also the question of who controls the oil in the future that has been a major driving force tush the American policy. Middle East is the home for oil throughout the world and it is the control of oil that is US after. With its fast disappearance and soaring prices (reasons partly because the war that US is waging), the control of the oil fields will definitely be beneficial for America. In fact, the one who controls oil in the future is the undisputed king.This goes in line with the policy of US for w hom displaying its authority is very important as it seems to be losing the crown to the exponential growth of China. Therefore, attacking Iran is also a desperate attempt by US to reiterate that it is America that is still calling the shots. However, attacking Iran has its own dangers. The most important and the immediate is the image of US in the Islamic world. Its continuous attacks on Islamic nations has made it poised against Islam and has become quite unpopular in the Middle East.If not anything else, America through these attacks is only getting successful in inviting the wrath of the mass living there. In a conversation with Seymour M Hersh, Richard Armitrage was echoing the same sentiments What will happen in the other Islamic countries? What ability does Iran have to reach us and touch us globally that is, terrorism? Will Syria and Lebanon up the pressure on Israel? What does the attack do to our already diminished international stand? And what does this mean for Russ ia, China and the U. N Security Council? Yet how many in Washington will consider these questions?According to Seymour, there are people out there who believe it is the way to operate If domestic politics are reasons enough to wage war, the role of the decision maker is of paramount importance. It is the head who declares wars and in this case Bush has quite a penchant for declaring wars. It is widely believed that Bush will declare war against Iran before leaving the White house. In fact, President Bush believes that He must do what no democrat or Republican, if elected in the future, would have the courage to do, and that saving Iran is going to be his bequest.The person-to-person ambition of Bush also seems to make the fear of turning Teheran in to a sea of fire in to reality. Moreover, with the failure of Iraq where they achieved instant victory but not a fatal one, Bush administration is looking out for scapegoats in a large way. Iran with its close proximity with Iraq is be lieved to be a supplier of arms and ammunitions to the Shiite attackers in the troubled Iraq. Those attacks are not only killing innocent Iraqis but also resulting in the death of hundreds of American troops out there.In short, it is a personal failure for Bush as a president as he forced his military in to war for no reasons. It becomes very important for him to fathom some pride and Iran seems to be a effective case. One House member told Seymour when speaking of Bush The most worrisome thing is that this guy has a messianic vision. Therefore, you have President Bush waiting to bomb Iran at the slightest pretext. But how can attacking Iran solve the Iraq problem? The strategy that is being followed by the Americans is to start infighting in Iran and force it to take some irresponsible action like an up in the activities along the Iraqi border.The first solvent to any of American disturbance in Iran is believed to be given across the Iraq border which presently houses many Americ an troops. The white house hopes to take advantage of that situation and make it an excuse to attack Iran. This reason is widely believed to work as the blame of first strike can always be switched to Iran and America will only be fighting for Safeguarding its citizens. Combining the above reasons, America declaring war on Iran seems to be a matter of time. The systemic, domestic politics and decision maker reasons a need for another war.The attack on Iran will accomplish three important factors for America. 1. America is believed to be the favorite target for the terrorists and its war on terrorism is necessary to protect itself as a nation. Moreover, this would give the image of the departing super power the much needed boost. An attack on Iran will give the masculine quality to the nation that it believes will spread awe across the world. 2. The second and more compelling reason for the attack is the role that domestic politics plays in this issue. Attack on Iran will bring about a regime change which will help America post Freedom there.This in other words means another puppet government that would act on the whims of US. This is quite beneficial as this gives it direct control over the oil fields of Iran along with Iraqs, thanks to the WMD ghosts. So, that means with a single strike, not only do they believe that terrorism and nukes will be taken care of but also the oil fields. 3. The third reason is President Bush. His stint as President of America has mainly been marred by Wars. If in the past it was Afghanistan, now it is Iraq. Apparently, both have them have been failures as there have been no decisive victories.The victories have only been fast as is expected from a war between the super power and a starving nation. Iran war will give him the much needed boost to his image as this war can be a golden opportunity to pass the blame on Iran for the Iraq fiasco. Taking all these reasons into considerations, attack by America on Iran for possessing Nukes is quite imminent. Experts say Iran is still tail fin to ten years away from developing any kind of weapon. However, America is bent upon going before with its plans. Therefore, nukes or no nukes, Iran is the golden opportunity to accomplish a lot many tasks. Nuclear disarmament is just one of the small ones.

The Iroquoian Wife Essay Example for Free

The Iroquoian Wife Essayin the beginning the arrival of Europeans in the American continent, the natives had a culture that was alien to European arriving in the continent. Native-American family life was some(prenominal) different from and transformed by contact with European culture. British observers (mostly male) regarded gender social functions and marital customs among the Indians as an abdication of mens authority Redefining Family, 2007. Over the years, suppression of the tribes, intermarriages, forcing European values on the Native Americans changed their culture.The role of women in Native society changed because of European subjugation and influences Boyd, 1996. The Iroquoian people native to Canada had a matrilineal system of tribe. In this system, the lineage of the family is traced to mother and not to father as in other societies. The ancient Iroquoian society could not be described as matriarchal as male members led the tribe but the women were considered defe nder of the society Aboriginal Women, 2007. They selected the leaders (sachems) and ensured that sachems used their authority according to the tribal customs.Iroquoian women determined the norms of the society and ensured that the men followed the uncanny and social customs. As a wife, Iroquoian wife played a much more important role than the military personnel. She did all the housework, produced food, looked after the children, made clothes and had an active role in social areas traditionally uncommunicative for man in European society. She participated in ceremonies, gambled and took part in tribes professional activities Aboriginal Women, 2007.The European masters of the husbandry soon dismantled this powerful role of Iroquoian wife in the tribal culture as they refused to recognized matrilineal system. Children of an Iroquoian woman marrying a white man were considered that of the man. Women under the new rules were judged as subservient to man and his property and over the years their role changed to one inferior to man Aboriginal Women, 2007. This shows the impact of outside influences on the changing role of women in the society and as a wife in a family.

IKEA Global Strategy Essay Example for Free

IKEA Global Strategy EssayIntroductionA mesh that covers a broad playing field (i.e., any telecommunications network that links across metropolitan, regional, national or international boundaries) using leased telecommunication lines. Related terms for other types of networks are personal domain of a function networks (PANs), local area networks(LANs), campus area networks (CANs), or metropolitan area networks (MANs) which are usually limited to a room, building, campus or specific metropolitan area (e.g., a city) respectively. If you have a large campus network using routers and dynamic routing protocols and an internal infrastructure, you do non necessarily have a WAN. A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that spans a relatively large geographical area. If your network uses a network infrastructure that is owned by your service provider, holding WAN technologies, you have a WAN. Computers affiliated to a wide-area network are often connected through public networks, such as the telephone system.BodyThe distinguishing features of a WANSending entropy want distancesAlthough distance is non a true criterion for determining whether your network is a WAN, approximately WANs do span a abundant distance, and the technologies used in the WAN depend a great deal on the distances involved. If your WAN spans only a single city, across town is a tenacious way nevertheless, your carrier may choose different technologies for that distance than they would if your network spanned a state, country, or continent. Although long distances are not criteria for defining a WAN, commonly, WANs do span substantial distances.Implementing routing protocolsRouting protocols are also not true criteria for a WAN definition. A WAN can either use manual routing or employ a routing protocol such as RIP or EIRGP. Although larger, more complex networks comparable a national WAN may beeasier to manage when implementing a routing protocol, their use does not ord er that you have a WAN. A large corporation could have a single (but large) building or a campus of several buildings that causes the network to have several routers. To make life easier on the routing front, you could choose to implement one of the many available routing protocols. So, although most WAN environments make use of routing protocols, not all networks that implement routing protocols are necessarily WANs.Using carrier equipmentMeans the equipment from your telephone company that allows you to connect your network to the gritrock of its network. These network connections can be digital subscriber line (DSL), frame relay, fiber optic, broadband cable, or other technology used by your telephone company or network provider. This component genuinely turns a network into a WAN, allowing your traffic to travel mingled with your locations while traversing another providers network, mainly your ISP or telephone company. In some cases, this traffic may cross several providers networks. If you are connecting two offices and they are in different countries, you may be crossing networks owned by a regional provider, which connects to a national provider and then crosses borders and travels across the other national provider to another regional provider before finally reaching your other branch office location. It is this use of other peoples networks that really defines use of a large LAN versus a WAN (LANs are covered in the next section). So, a WAN is not related to the size of your network, or to your choice of routing protocols, or to any other factors.ConsolationHowever, in terms of the application of computer networking protocols and concepts, it may be best to view WANs as computer networking technologies used to transmit data over long distances, and between different LANs, MANs and other place computer networking architectures. This distinction stems from the fact that common LAN technologies operating at Layer 1/2 (such as the forms of Ethernet or Wifi) are often geared towards physically localised networks, and thus cannot transmit data over tens, hundreds oreven thousands of miles or kilometres. This could be to facilitate high bandwidth applications, or provide better functionality for users in the CAN. A CAN, for example, may have a localised grit of a WAN technology, which connects different LANs within a campus. The textbook definition of a WAN is a computer network spanning regions, countries, or even the world.

Awarness and Attitude of Primary Teachers Essay Example for Free

Awarness and carriage of Primary T individuallyers Essay kidskin indemnifys A GistThe Convention on the Rights of the tyke defines raw material declines of baberen screen multiple needs and let ons. India endorsed it on December 11, 1992. Following are a few sounds in the immediate purview of Smile Foundation as surface as India. The right to training 50% of Indian children aged 6-18 do not go to school Dropout rates increase alarmingly in caste III to V, its 50% for boys, 58% for girls. The right to Expression each child has a right to shew himself quitly in which ever way he likes. Majority of children however are exploited by their elders and not livelongowed to express. The right to Information Every child has a right to know his basic rights and his dress in the hostelry. High incidence of illiteracy and ignorance among the deprived and underprivileged children prevents them from having adit to information close to them and their ordering. The right t o Nutrition More than 50% of Indias children are malnourished. While one in every five juvenile boys is malnourished, one in every ii girls in India is undernourished. The right to Health Care 58% of Indias children down the stairs the age of 2 age are not fully vaccinated.And 24% of these children do not notice any form of vaccination. Over 60% of children in India are anemic. 95 in every super acid children born in India, do not see their fifth birthday. 70 in every molar con centration children born in India, do not see their beginning(a) birthday. The right to certificate from Abuse there are approximately 2 million child commercial sex workers between the age of 5 and 15 years and about 3.3 million between 15 and 18 years. They form 40% of the sum total population of commercial sex workers in India. 500,000 children are forced into this trade every year. The right to protection from Exploitation 17 million children in India work as per official estimates. A study a ssemble that children were sent to work by compulsion and not by choice, mostly by parents, but with recruiter acting a crucial role in influencing decision. When working outside the family, children put in an average of 21 hours of push back per week.Poor and bonded families often sell their children to contractors who promise lucrative jobs in the cities and the children end up creation employed in brothels, hotels and domestic work. Many run away and find a invigoration on the streets. The right to protection from Neglect Every child has a right to lead a well protected and secure life away from neglect. However, children working under exploitative and inhuman conditions get leave outbadly. The right to Development Every child has the right to ripening that lets the child explore her/his full potential. disapproving living conditions of underprivileged children prevents them from growing in a complimentary and uninhibited way.The right to Recreation Every child has a righ t to spend some time on recreational pursuits like sports, sport and hobbies to explore and develop. Majority of poor children in India do not get time to spend on recreational activities. The right to Name Nationality Every child has a right to identify himself with a nation. A vast majority of underprivileged children in India are treated like commodities and exported to other countries as wear out or prostitutes. The right to Survival Of the 12 million girls born in India, 3 million do not see their fifteenth birthday, and a million of them are unable to survive even their first birthday. Every half dozenth girl childs death is due to gender discrimination. Child Rights in India An IntroductionIndia is a party to the UN declaration on the Rights of the Child 1959. Accordingly, it adopted a National Policy on Children in 1974. The policy reaffirmed the war paintal provisions for fair to middling services to children, two before and after birth and with the period of growth to run across their full physical, mental and brotherly development. Accordingly, the politics is taking action to follow-up the interior(a) and assign legislation and bring it in line with the provisions of the Convention. It has also developed grab monitoring procedures to assess progress in implementing the Convention-involving mingled stake holders in the society.India is also a signer to the World Declaration on the Survival, Protection and Development of Children. In pursuance of the commitment made at the World Summit, the Department of Women and Child Development under the Ministry of merciful Resource Development has formulated a National Plan of Action for Children. Most of the recommendations of the World Summit Action Plan are reflected in Indias National Plan of Action- keeping in mind the needs, rights and aspirations of 300 million children in the country. The priority areas in the Plan are health, nutrition, information, water, sanitation and environment. The Plan gives special consideration to children in difficult circumstances and aims at providing a framework, for actualization of the objectives of the Convention in the Indian context.Status of Children inIndiaRecent UNICEF (2005) report on the state of the worlds children under the title Childhood Under Threat , speaking about India, states that millions of Indian children are equally deprived of their rights to survival, health, nutrition, education and safe drinking water. It is reported that 63 per cent of them go to bed hungry and 53 per cent suffer from chronic malnutrition. The report says that 147 million children animated in kuchcha houses, 77 million do not use drinking water from a tap, 85 million are not being immunized, 27 million are severely underweight and 33 million have never been to school. It estimates that 72 million children in India between five and 14 years do not have access to basic education. A girl child is the worst victim as she is often neglected and is discriminated against because of the preference for a boy child.National military commission for Protection of Child RightsIn order to ensure child rights practices and in response to Indias commitment to UN declaration to this effect, the government of India set up a National Commission for Protection of Child Rights.The Commission is a statutory body notified under an Act of the Parliament on December 29, 2006. Besides the chairperson, it will have six members from the fields of child health, education, childcare and development, juvenile justice, children with disabilities, elimination of child labour, child psychology or sociology and truths relating to children. The Commission has the power to inquire into complaints and take suo motu notice of matters relating to deprivation of childs rights and non-implementation of laws providing for protection and development of children among other things. Aimed at examining and reviewing the safeguards provided by the law to prot ect child rights, the Commission will recommend measures for their effective implementation.It will suggest amendments, if needed, and locution into complaints or take suo motu notice of cases of violation of the constitutional and legal rights of children. The Commission is to ensure straightlaced enforcement of child rights and effective implementation of laws and plans relating to children- enquiring into complaints and take suo motucognizance of matters relating to deprivation of child rights non-implementation of laws providing for protection and development of children and non-compliance of policy decisions, guidelines or instructions aimed at their welfare and announcing relief for children and issuing remedial measures to the state governments. Convention on the Rights of the ChildAdopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989 Right to educationFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigation, s earchThe right to education is a universal entitlement to education, a right that is recognized as a human right. According to the external powder compact on Economic, social and Cultural Rights the right to education includes the right to free, domineering primary education for all1, an engagement to develop subaltern winding education accessible to all, in extra by the progressive introduction of free secondary coil education2, as well as an obligation to develop equitable access to higher education, ideally by the progressive introduction of free higher education.3 The right to education also includes a state to provide basic education for individuals who have not completed primary education. In admission to these access to education provisions, the right to education encompasses the obligation to rule out discrimination at all levels of the educational system, to set minimum standards and to improve quality of education.4 International legal basisThe right to education i s law in Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Articles 200 and 14 of the International engagement on Economic, kind and Cultural Rights.567 The right to education has been reaffirmed in the 1960 UNESCO Convention against Discrimination in Education and the 1981 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women.8 In Europe, Article 2 of the first protocol of 20 March 1952 to the European Convention on Human Rights states that the right to education is recognized as a human right and is mum to establish an entitlement to education.According to the International arrangement on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the right to education includes the right to free, compulsory primary education for all, an obligation to develop secondary education accessible to all in particular by the progressive introduction of free secondary education, as well as an obligation to develop equitable access to higher education in particular by the progr essive introduction of free higher education. The right to education also includes a accountability to provide basic education for individuals who have not completed primary education. In addition to these access to education provisions, the right to education encompasses also the obligation to eliminate discrimination at all levels of the educational system, to set minimum standards and to improve quality. The European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg has applied this average for example in the Belgian linguistic case.9 Article 10 of the European Social Charter guarantees the right to vocational education.10 DefinitionEducation narrowly refers to formal institutional instructions. Generally, international dicks use the term in this aesthesis and the right to education, as protected by international human rights instruments, refers primarily to education in a narrow sense. The 1960 UNESCO Convention against Discrimination in Education defines education in Article 1(2) as all t ypes and levels of education, (including) access to education, the standard and quality of education, and the conditions under which it is given.11 In a replete(p)r sense education may describe all activities by which a human group lifts to its descendants a body of association and skills and a moral code which enable the group to subsist.11 In this sense education refers to the transmission to a subsequent generation of those skills needed to perform tasks of daily living, and further passing on the social, cultural, spiritual and philosophical values of the particular community.The wider meaning of education has been be intimated in Article 1(a) of UNESCOs 1974 Recommendation concerning Education for International Understanding, Co-operation and Peace and Education relating to Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.12 The article states that education implies the entire address of social life by means of which individuals and social groups learn to develop consciously within, and for the benefit of, the national and international communities, the whole of their personalcapabilities, attitudes, aptitudes and knowledge.11 The European Court of Human Rights has defined education in a narrow sense as teaching or instructions in particular to the transmission of knowledge and to intellectual development and in a wider sense as the whole process whereby, in any society, adults endeavour to transmit their beliefs, culture and other values to the young.11 Assessment of fulfilmentThe fulfilment of the right to education can be assessed using the 4 As framework, which asserts that for education to be a meaningful right it must be available, accessible, acceptable and adaptable. The 4 As framework was developed by the former UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Education, Katarina Tomasevski, but is not necessarily the standard used in every international human rights instrument and hence not a generic guide to how the right to education is treated under national law.13The 4 As framework proposes that governments, as the prime duty-bearer, has to respect, protect and fulfil the right to education by making education available, accessible, acceptable and adaptable. The framework also places duties on other stakeholders in the education process the child, which as the privileged subject of the right to education has the duty to comply with compulsory education requirements, the parents as the first educators, and professional educators, namely teachers.13 The 4 As have been further elaborated as follows14* handiness funded by governments, education is universal, free and compulsory. There should be proper infrastructure and facilities in place with suitable books and materials for students. Buildings should meet both safety and sanitation standards, such as having clean drinking water. Active recruitment, proper training and clutch retention methods should ensure that enough qualified staff is available at each school. 15 * Accessibility all children should have equal access to school services regardless of gender, race, religion, ethnicity or socio- economical status. Efforts should be made to ensure the inclusion of marginalized groups including children of refugees, the hearthstoneless or those with disabilities. There should be no forms of segregation or denial of access to any students.This includes ensuring that proper laws are in place against any childlabour or exploitation to prevent children from obtaining primary or secondary education. Schools must be within a reasonable distance for children within the community, otherwise transportation should be provided to students, particularly those that might live in rural areas, to ensure ways to school are safe and convenient. Education should be affordable to all, with textbooks, supplies and uniforms provided to students at no additional costs. 16 * Acceptability the quality of education provided should be free of discrimination, relevant and culturally app ropriate for all students.Students should not be expected to conform to any specific unearthly or ideologic views. Methods of teaching should be objective and unbiased and material available should reflect a wide wander of ideas and beliefs. Health and safety should be emphasized within schools including the elimination of any forms of corporal punishment. Professionalism of staff and teachers should be maintained.17 * Adaptability educational programs should be flexible and able to adjust according to societal changes and the needs of the community. Observance of religious or cultural holidays should be respected by schools in order to accommodate students, along with providing adequate care to those students with disabilities. 18 A modus operandi of international NGOs and charities work to realise the right to education using a rights-based approach to development.citation neededHistorical developmentIn Europe, before the Enlightenment of the eighteenth and nineteenth century, education was the responsibility of parents and the church. With the French and American Revolution education was establish also as a public function. It was idea that the state, by assuming a more active role in the sphere of education, could help to sour education available and accessible to all. Education had thus far been primarily available to the upper social classes and public education was perceived as a means of realising the egalitarian ideals underlining both revolutions.19 However, neither the American Declaration of Independence (1776) nor the French Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789) protected the right to education as the blanket(a) concepts of human rights in the nineteenth century envisaged that parents retained the primary duty for providing education to their children. It was the states obligation to ensure that parents complied with this duty, and many statesenacted legislation making school attendance compulsory.Furthermore child labour laws were enact ed to limit the number of hours per day children could be employed, to ensure children would attend school. States also became involved in the legal regulation of curricula and established minimum educational standards.20 In On Liberty John Stuart Mill wrote that an education established and controlled by the State should only exist, if it exists at all, as one among many competing experiments, carried on for the purpose of example and stimulus to keep the others up to a certain standard of excellence. Liberal thinkers of the nineteenth century pointed to the dangers to too a good deal state involvement in the sphere of education, but relied on state intervention to reduce the sanction of the church, and to protect the right to education of children against their own parents. In the latter half of the nineteenth century, educational rights were include in domestic gamins of rights.21The 1849 Paulskirchenverfassung, the constitution of the German Empire, strongly influenced subse quent European constitutions and devoted Article 152 to 158 of its bill of rights to education. The constitution recognised education as a function of the state, independent of the church. Remarkable at the time, the constitution proclaimed the right to free education for the poor, but the constitution did not explicitly require the state to set up educational institutions. Instead the constitution protected the rights of citizens to found and operate schools and to provide home education. The constitution also provided for freedom of science and teaching, and it guaranteed the right of everybody to choose a vocation and train for it.22 The nineteenth century also saw the development of socialist theory, which held that the primary task of the state was to ensure the economic and social well-being of the community through government intervention and regulation.Socialist theory recognised that individuals had claims to basic welfare services against the state and education was viewed as one of these welfare entitlements. This was in contrast to free theory at the time, which regarded non-state actors as the prime providers of education. Socialist ideals were enshrined in the 1936 Soviet Constitution, which was the first constitution to recognise the right to education with a corresponding obligation of the state to provide such education. The constitution guaranteed free and compulsory education at all levels, a system of state scholarships and vocational training in stateenterprises. Subsequently the right to education featured strongly in the constitutions of socialist states.23 As a political goal, right to education was declared in F. D. Roosevelts 1944 speech on the Second Bill of Rights. instruction executionInternational law does not protect the right to pre-primary education and international documents generally omit references to education at this level.24 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that everyone has the right to education, hence the right applies to all individuals, although children are understood as the main beneficiaries.25 The rights to education are separated into three levels* Primary (Elemental or Fundamental) Education. This shall be compulsory and free for any child regardless of their nationality, gender, place of birth, or any other discrimination. Upon ratifying the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights States must provide free primary education within two years. * Secondary (or Elementary, Technical and Professional in the UDHR) Education must be generally available and accessible. * higher(prenominal) Education (at the University Level) should be provided according to capacity. That is, anyone who meets the necessary education standards should be able to go to university. Both secondary and higher education shall be made accessible by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education.26 Compulsory educationThe realisation of the right to education on a national level may be achieved through compulsory education, or more specifically free compulsory primary education, as stated in both the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.2728 Action For Children (AFC)Action for Children (AFC) conceptualised by Wild Ganzen and back up by Net4Kids and Kids Rights aims at involving privileged citizens, cultivated society groups and various institutions including corporates in the development process.This programme back up by the Dutch Government promoted consortium (Wild Ganzen, Net4Kids and Kids Rights) has given a boost to the initiative. The programme is being apply in three developing economies of the world namely Brazil, South Africa and India. Smile Foundation joined custody with the Consortium in April 2008 and since then has been executing the programme in India. The objective is to stimulate more gold mass to be a part of the develop ment process and ensure sustainability of grassroots initiatives across India. finished AFC, Smile Foundation encourages people to stand up and act to bring a change in the lives of underprivileged children and youth.Action For Children is based on the concept that development is a peoples issue and not just the governments concern. With this premise, the Foundation has been striving to build a civil society that owes responsibility for societal development and participate whole-heartedly in transforming the lives of underprivileged children. Through AFC, Smile Foundation encourages individuals, civil society groups, corporate houses, professional associations, schools, colleges, youth wings to participate in the development process. The Action for Children programme sensitizes and involves the fortunate mass through1. Local ActionsLocal Action connotes organizing an event to raise funds for a child centrical project. It can be organised by individuals, groups and institutions in t heir region. Local action aims at sensitization and consequent involvement of the privileged mass in raising funds for children through various activities2. KidsXLKidsXL is a school exchange programme wherein children of privileged school and underprivileged school are brought unitedly under one platform. Several interactive sessions and special activities are organized for the children. KidsXL aims at bringing the children from both the segments closer, thereby reducing social disparities. In the process, the children also learn to be sensitive and responsible towards the society3. Media AdvocacyThe aim is to involve media in creating awareness among the people and advocating the cause before a wide audience. The Foundation sensitizespeople through documentaries, Public Service Advertisements, news features, advocacy campaigns, rallies etc.4. Corporate Social ResponsibilityCSR aims at sensitising and involving corporates in the development process. It gives the corporates an oppor tunity to give back to the society. It is based on a partnership model wherein corporates partner with Smile Foundation either to support the whole or a part of capital cost or running cost of a child centric project. The inherent objective of the programme is to ensure that the development activities become locally sustainable.